Review+for+Exam

**The Neolithic Revolution**
 * Graphic Organizer **
 * A term given to the development of agricultural societies.
 * A revolution in economic, political, and social organization began in the Middle East as early as 10,000 B.C.E.
 * With the rise of agricultural forms of economic production, humans were able to remain settled more permanently in one spot.

**Bronze Age**
 * Metalworking had become common in the Middle East.
 * Knowledge of metals gradually fanned out to other parts of Asia and to Africa and Europe.

**Civilization**
 * The word “civilization” comes from the Latin term for “city.”
 * Formal states, writing, cities, and monuments all characterize civilizations.
 * Civilizations also exhibit trading patterns and extensive political territories.

**Tigris-Euphrates Civilization** Mesopotamia
 * It was one of the few cases of a civilization that started from scratch
 * Sumerians, the most influential people in the Tigris-Euphrates region
 * Developed the first known human writing, cuneiform.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">They also were characterized by the development of astronomical sciences, intense religious beliefs, and tightly organized city-states.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Sumerians improved the region’s agricultural prosperity by learning about fertilizers and using silver to conduct commercial exchange.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Organized city-states, ruled by a king who claimed divine authority.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Akkadians, who continued much of the Sumerian culture in the Tigris-Euphrates region, and the Babylonians, who developed Hammurabi’s code--procedure for law courts and regulated property rights and duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crimes.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Egyptian Civilization**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Centralized institutions.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural structures also characterized Egyptian civilization
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Egyptian pharaohs directed the building of the pyramids, which were to function as their tombs.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilizations**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Indus River peoples had trading contacts with Mesopotamia, but they developed a distinctive alphabet and artistic forms.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Civilization along the Huang (Yellow) River in China developed in considerable isolation.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">In addition to the existence of an organized state that carefully regulated irrigation in the flood-prone river valley
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Chinese had produced advanced technology and elaborate intellectual life by about 2000 B.C.E.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Shang ruled over the Huang River valley by about 1500 B.C.E., managing the construction of impressive tombs and palaces.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**The Phoenicians**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Devised a simplified alphabet
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">It that greatly influenced the Greek and Latin writing systems

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Judaism**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The most influential of the smaller Middle Eastern groups were the Jews, who gave the world the first clearly developed monotheistic religion

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**The First Civilizations**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Each had important similarities including trade, writing, and cities, yet was in many ways different from the others

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**China**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Zhou did not establish a strong central government but ruled instead through alliances with regional princes and noble families.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The next dynasty, the Qin, (221-202 B.C.E.) begun by the brutal but effective emperor Shi Huangdi.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">He consolidated his power, built the Great Wall, conducted a census, standardized weights and measures, and extended the borders of his realm to Hong Kong and northern Vietnam.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Massive revolts broke out and by 202 B.C.E., the Han dynasty (202 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) was established.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">He Han rulers lessened the brutality of the Qin but maintained its centralized rule.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Confucius**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">His orderly social and political philosophy became an important doctrine of the Qin and Han dynasties.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Confucianism and Daoism were two of the major systems that competed for the loyalties of various Chinese communities during the years of the classical period.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Kung Fuzi (Confucius) lived from roughly 551 to 478 B.C.E.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">He was not a religious leader

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**India**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Maurya and Gupta dynasties were the most successful in India, run entirely by Indians and not by outside rulers.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The greatest of the Mauryan emperors was Ashoka (269-232 B.C.E.).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The Guptas did not produce as dynamic a leader as Ashoka, but they did provide classical India with its greatest period of stability.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Religion, particularly Hinduism, was the only uniting influence in Indian culture.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Buddhism was founded on the teachings of an Indian prince, Gautama, later called Buddha, or “enlightened one.”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Buddhism spread through missionaries into Sri Lanka, China, Korea, and Japan

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Rome**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Classical Mediterranean political theory involved ethics, duties of citizens, and skill.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Governments supported an official religion, but tolerance of other faiths was the norm.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The exception, Christianity under the Roman Empire, occurred because Christians refused to place state first in their devotion
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The greatest political legacies of the Mediterranean cultures were an intense loyalty to the state, a preference for aristocratic rule, and the development of a uniform set of legal principles
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Slavery was an important economic and social institution in the Mediterranean civilization.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The family was a tight social structure, with men in firm control; however, women were often active in business and sometimes controlled property.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Toward the fall of Rome**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">No single civilization rose to replace Rome, although several smaller governments claimed to be its inheritor.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Rome’s fall collapsing in the Western empire long before the Eastern side did.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">As Rome gained more territory by challenging regional powers and less developed cultures, it grew into an empire.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Population declined, leadership failure, the economy flagged, tax collection became more difficult
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The decline in Rome was more disruptive than in China or India and was more pronounced in the Western portion of the empire than in the eastern.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Emperors Diocletian and Constantine slowed the spiral of decay but only temporarily; the latter moved the capital to Constantinople and allowed Christianity.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">When Germanic tribes invaded in the 400s, there was little power or will to resist.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**China collapse**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">The central Asian nomadic Huns attacked all three classical civilizations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Weakened central government, social unrest led by overtaxed peasants,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">These combined to make the government unable to stop invading nomads.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">During a long decline, the Han faced invasions and eventually fell to outside forces, especially the Huns.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">By the sixth century C.E., the Han too collapsed, but not before they had established distinctive political and cultural values
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">By 600, China revived, first with the brief Sui dynasty and later with the Tang and Confucianism and bureaucracy revived.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Christianity**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Played a major part in the formation of postclassical civilizations in eastern and Western Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">It emphasized missionary activity even more than Buddhism did.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Its beginnings were in the early days of the Roman Empire, near the eastern shores of the Mediterranean.


 * Unit Two**


 * Unit Three**


 * Unit four**


 * Unit five**