China+and+Russia+in+the+modern+Era

April Vacation Work



**Part 1**  In depth: **A Century of Revolutions** MI: Not since the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were there revolutions like those in the early twentieth century
 * Differently, the revolutions of the early twentieth century were precursors to later revolutions that struck after 1945
 * Like those from a century earlier, twentieth-century revolutions had several commonalities: rural discontent, population pressures, and high taxes
 * Unlike the previous era, however, twentieth-century revolutions were also caused by the disruptions of the Industrial Revolution and by a Western-centered global market system.
 * In addition, discontented World War I soldiers were a ready source of militant action for revolutions.
 * Opposition to perceived Western influence was another problem to the revolution beginning.
 * Finally, the Communist theories of Marx, Lenin, and Mao were a factor not in existence a hundred years before

**Questions:**
 * 1) The internal and external forces that weakened the governments of China and Mexico are rural discontent, pressure of population growth, the high taxes and losing jobs as a result of industrial revolution that lead to their unleashed force to revolutions, western and communist influences as well.
 * 2) The social group that was most important in the decade behind the revolution were the soldiers and peasants who went through the most struggles, they were ready forces to the upcoming of military actions.
 * 3) Similarities: riots, rural discontent rising for unfair economic gains, pressure from society that were a direct result of political insufficiently.
 * 4) Differences: the global market systems that each has, colonial belongings and treatments, economic competitions, in China were the communist spirit for intellectual lives, and anti western sentiments.

**Part 2** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: In 1917, the tsar abdicated and a provisional government, headed by Alexander Kerensky, struggled to maintain control of the country.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When reforms seemed slow in coming, popular unrest ensued and by the end of the year a second revolution occurred, bringing into power a radical new form of government, which was Communism.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Under the Bolshevik banner, Vladimir Lenin signed a treaty ending hostilities with Germany and ended any semblance of a multiparty system.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">An ensuing civil war killed millions, but the Communist Red Army prevailed, under the leadership of Leon Trotsky.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Like western liberals, Russian revolutionary leaders such as Alexander Kerensky were eager to see the good parliamentary rule, religious, and other freedoms in political changes.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Although Lenin and Bolsheviks had gained a majority in the leading urban soviets problem faced by 1917.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Tsarist’s general’s religiously faithful peasants had common ground against communist regime.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Industrial nationalistic, famine and unemployment created many problem and resentments were raised against property loss.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Stabilization of the New Regime** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Lenin issued the New Economic Policy, a stopgap economic mix of true Communism and capitalism.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Food production increased, giving the Bolsheviks time to strengthen their grip on national politics.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By 1923, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a fact but was a “peoples’ government” in name only, with all the features of an authoritarian system.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Under the leadership of Leon Trotsky recruited generals, which was called Red army that was beneficiary of two ongoing sources of strengths.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Lenin issued the new economic policy, which promised considerable freedoms for action and setting effort to fix money issues.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics where the ethic Russians was preserved in central state section notably Jews.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Supreme Soviet had many trappings of a parliament and was universally suffering.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Communist monopolies were able to control major decisions and bureaucracies.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Tried to ensure loyalty through reestablishing the Authoritarian system.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Soviet Experimentation** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: In the middle of the 1920s, the Communist Party encouraged the organization of workers’, students’, and women’s groups, and provided public education.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This era of experimentation was short-lived however, as a power struggle broke out among Lenin’s deputies after his unexpected death.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The eventual winner was Joseph Stalin who believed in a strong nationalistic version of Communism, which he called “socialism in one country.”
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Rivals to his political philosophy were exiled and/or killed.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Youth movements, women’s groups and organizations of workers all actively debated on problems of social environment.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A rapid spread of education promoted by the government and propaganda sponsored many adult services.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Education created a shift in mood and reshaping the popular culture away from older tradition of religion to more communist field of science and analysis.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many revolutionary leaders actively encouraged communist parties in the West and set up a Comintern or communist international office to guide such process.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Stalin would have industrial development while attacking peasant land ownerships.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Rival leaders were killed, and would lead to attacking peasants land ownerships with new collectivization program.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It was the overweening aristocratic class that loomed so large in Russian history.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Stalinism in the Soviet Union** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: A totalitarian state emerged in the Soviet Union beginning in the late 1920s.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Under Communism, the largely independent economy avoided the Great Depression.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Stepped up industrialization, abject worship of the leader, and a violently repressive police state marked a system very similar to Nazism.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The experimental mood of the middle of the 1920s faded when Stalin acquired unquestioned power.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He sought to make the U.S.S.R. an industrial society under full control of the state, and control it fully rather than some initiative control
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He was in tolerance and wanted modernization but in no capitalist was and ideas, even though he was willing t adopt some western techniques.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Economic Policies** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Large, state-run farms called “collectives” were formed to replace private land ownership.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">To ensure cooperation, Stalin approved a policy of starving and murdering millions of peasants.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Those who survived, planted and harvested, but not in the amounts Stalin had envisioned.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">For decades, agricultural production was one of the Soviet Union’s great weaknesses.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The area of industrial production was a different story.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The government ordered the building of massive factories and an extensive power grid, making the U.S.S.R. a world-class power in heavy industry.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Consumer goods were not a priority to Stalin, nor to his successors.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The top-down structure of the Soviet system led to considerable waste of resources.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The soviets Union was hit by its separate economy, it made much of the nation’s ongoing industrial growth.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Communist party made peasants to join socialistic movements.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Stalin hoped for speeding up industrialization requiring the peasants to pay the taxation.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many laborers resentful of kulaks wealth but welcoming the fact for more access to land.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Most Kolacks refused to cooperate volunteerally to destroying livestock productions.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Rural resistence collaped and production began to increase again.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The centralized planning process had complicated a smooth flow of supplies and equipments.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The collective farfms allow minimal food supplies and massive unskill of workers flow.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A system of five year plans under state planning’s began to set priorities and new facilities.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Until 1937 the west was in a problem and the soviets Union became a third World industrial powerd behind Germany and U.S.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Toward an Industrial Society** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Incentives and nationalist fervor pushed workers to produce more. Cities grew rapidly.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">One example was welfare services, old-age pensions, and the government providing health programs.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Increasing number of the people were crowded into Cities often factory disciplined to install new habits in peasants work forces.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Workers had meeting houses and programs to help the, in the industrial societies and in protecting them from illness.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Strikes was always outlawed and the trade movements were controlled by the party
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Stalin administration worked hard to maintains a worker’s support.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Totalitarian Rule** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Stalinism instituted new controls over many aspects of life. Artists, writers, and intellectuals who did not toe the line were exiled to labor camps in Siberia.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">“Socialist Realism” emphasized heroic images of workers and others. Free scientific inquiry was quashed.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many thousands of real and imagined opponents of Stalin’s vision were executed; many more were exiled within the U.S.S.R.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Politburo sycophantically followed his lead.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In foreign relations, the Soviet Union was recognized in the West by the 1930s.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Germany arose as a threat after the West showed little interest in fighting Fascism in Spain.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler and attacked eastern Poland and Finland in an early sign of Soviet conquest that became a hallmark of post-World War I foreign policy.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Artists and writers who didn’t line risked exile in Siberian prison camps
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Socialism realism was a dominant school emphasizing heroic idealization of soldier’s workers and peasants.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Politburo became mere rubber stamps; Stalin had broken the nation’s ability to respond to foreign problems.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A strong Germany was a threat to Russia from the west and that is why Stalin worked with U.S to block their threat.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Soviets then signed heroic agreements with Hitler.A revival of Russian interest in conquest after attacking eastern Poland.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**New Political and Economic Realities** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: The 1930s clearly changed the world balance that had existed since World War I.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Germany and the Soviet Union reasserted their positions as powers to be reckoned with in Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Like Germany, Japan recovered to an extent from the effects of the Great Depression and became more militaristic in its outlook.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The political tradition since the Enlightenment was called into question in western Europe and the United States.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Revolutionary forces remained in Latin America and China.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Movements against Western colonialism continued in Asia, Africa, and, in particular, the Middle East.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Global Connections: Depression and Retreat** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: The Great Depression promoted a wave of nationalist reactions and weakened global ties.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Increased tariffs decreased trade; many of the countries dependent on trade.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The West reacted with varying degrees of militarism and authoritarianism and yet, at the same time, economic isolation from the West.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The world as it had been known was falling apart for the second time in a generation, and no one seemed capable of putting it back together.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**The Soviet Union as Superpower** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: After World War II, the U.S.S.R. was a superpower that rivaled the United States and its status was confirmed when it developed atomic weapons.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Several major changes in Eastern Europe paralleled that of the West, including the impact of industrialization and Cold War competition.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Soviet Union sought independence from the world economy and territorial expansion continued.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">These two nations used diplomacy and military strength to vie for influence in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By 1945 Soviet foreign policy had several ingredients Desire to regain tsarist boundaries.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">As a result of soviet industrialization and its World War II to push westward, the nation that is emerging as a super power likes newcomers United States.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Continued participation in the late phases of the war against Japan provided the opportunity to get some islands.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: The clearest extension of Soviet power was in Eastern Europe, where it pushed farther toward the West than ever before, there, opposition to Soviet rule was crushed, except in Greece, Albania and Yugoslavia.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Mass education and propaganda outlets were established. Industrialization was pushed.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A counter to NATO, the Warsaw Pact, was set up.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The new system generated obvious tensions.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Berlin Wall was built to keep East Germans from escaping to the West.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Attempts to rebel against Soviet oppression were crushed in East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By the 1980s Eastern Europe had been vastly changed by communist rule and cracks were beginning to appear in the Soviet-built masonry.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By 1945, the dominant force in Eastern Europe was the Soviet army, as it pushed the Germans back.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Mass education and propaganda and industrialization were greatly increased.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The soviets began a front to be able to access key natural resources.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The soviets built the Berlin wall in 1961 to keep the flow along the borders of eastern Europe and barbed wire fences
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A catholic unrest and an independent labor movements called solidarity all against the backdrop of an economy and people with low morale.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The expansion of the Soviet influence answered their foreign policy
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Direct expansionist in order to be committed of troops might

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Evolution of Domestic Policies** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Within the Soviet Union, Stalinist rule continued, like restriction of travel, media censorship and isolation from the outside world.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Party membership was restricted to a few select dedicated associates.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many Soviets fearful of a new war that U.S officials seem to threaten them as an evil power.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">These attitudes helped with efforts for rebuilding after the war rapidly to the Soviet to regain its industrial might.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Strict limits on travel outside media and any other source to self isolate itself for its economy and popular culture.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">An extensive attention on education, warfare, and police operations that there were many growing educational opportunities even to the peasants.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Party membership of the communists continued and new candidates reserved great.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Rapid industrialization created new issues in Eastern European society and culture.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Freedom of religion was restricted, important literary currents showed impressive vitality, even as Soviet leaders attacked Western culture and sought alternatives to Western-style consumerism.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Beginning in the 1950s the Stalinist system yielded to more flexibility but Communist party control remained tight.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The sciences, especially those useful to the military, were strongly promoted.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By the 1970s new diplomatic and social issues arose.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Literature in the Soviet Union remained diverse and creative despite official controls by the communist dominion.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn for example exiled to the U.S after the publication of his novel the Gulag Archipelago, therefore banned from native land.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Along with the interest in the arts and a diversity of expressions despite official party lines soviets culture continued to put interest in science and social science.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">20th century Soviet culture overall proved neither traditional nor western.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Considerable action about the west remained as they continued to use their art forms.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Fear of cultural pollution especially from the non-Marxists political tracts but modern arts remained.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They sought for a culture that would enhance their goals of building a socialist society

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Economy and Society** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: The Soviet Union lagged in consumer goods because governmental policy favored heavy industry.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Living standards improved compared to pre-war conditions but complaints about poor consumer products and long lines remained throughout the communist era.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">A great deal of environmental damage occurred because of the drive to produce at all costs.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Problems in agricultural production went unsolved as well.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Parallels to Western culture included a similar attraction to leisure sports, television, crowded cities, and a dropping birth rate.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Soviet propaganda promoted the “equality” of women in the workplace but there were signs that many suffered burdens from demanding job and home life.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The product of Soviet industrialization was a great damage to the environments and health.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Despite the importance of distinctive political and economic characteristic easterners had shared similar facts.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The class distinction was a common social feature between the Easterners and westerners for wealth was a large gap.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Patterns of childbearing devoting great attention to promoting their children’s education and good jobs for the future.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Soviets took pride in giving women in their equality but there were signs that many women were suffering from demanding jobs with little form husbands.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**De-Stalinization** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: After Stalin’s death in the 1950s, Nikita Khrushchev emerged as his successor as the communist dictator.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Khrushchev triggered a partial thaw of Stalin’s vicious policies and at times seemed to promote cooperation with the West.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In fact, however, little real change was made in the communist institution and after domestic and foreign failures; the ruling party ousted Khrushchev.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The U.S.S.R. held the lead in the space race with the U.S. until the late 1960s.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Relations with communist China and other nations turned sour. High rates of alcoholism plagued the male workforce.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Economic growth fluctuated through the 1980s, by which time the entire system lay on the verge of collapse.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Cold war policies to undo the western rule and power over them, where they installed Cuban missiles in Cuba yielding only from U.S of wanting to remove them.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He hoped to beat the U.S, where they expanded their space satellite Sputnik the first space shuttle in 1957.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The nation faced a number of new foreign policies faced a number of problems in growing power of China.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Problems of work motivation and discipline became largely decreased by the 1980s, because of high rates of alcoholism so severe that lead to weak work ethic.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Vigorous propaganda and popular pride believing in the achievements on the Soviet power that no one realized it was getting into an end.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Global Connections: The Cold War and the World** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Competition between the West and the Soviet alliance dominated many aspects of world history from 1945 to 1992, playing a key role in decolonization and nationalism.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Both governmental forms emphasized science, both sold weapons on the world market, both promoted new roles for women.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The massive competition between the West and the Soviet Union alliance dominated many aspects of history.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It gave other nations the opportunity to go against each other.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Both societies emphasized on science and pressured for cultural changes.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: By the mid-1980s, the intense rivalry with the United States contributed to a deteriorating Soviet economy.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Forced industrialization had caused extensive environmental disaster throughout Eastern Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Related diseases impaired morale and economic performance. Infant mortality rates soared.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Industrial production slowed and economic growth stopped for many reasons
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The one-third of national income continued to go to military production as a result of military efforts and political administrations.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Younger leaders recognized that the system might collapse.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**The Age of Reform** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms. He urged nuclear reduction and negotiated with the United States a limitation of medium-range missiles in Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The war in Afghanistan was ended by Soviet withdrawal. Internally Gorbachev proclaimed //glasnost//, or openness, the freedom to comment and criticize.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He urged use of market incentives and reduction of bureaucratic controls.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">But strong limits on political freedom remained and the centralized planning apparatus resisted reform.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Gorbachev’s policies partly reflected ambivalence about the West as he reduced isolation but still criticized Western values.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He wanted reform, not abandonment, of basic Communist controls.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The keynote to reform was //perestroika//, or economic restructuring.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This meant more private ownership and decentralized control of aspects of the economy.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Foreign investment was encouraged and military expenditures were reduced to free resources for consumer goods.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In 1988 a new constitution gave considerable power to a parliament and abolished the Communist monopoly of elections.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Gorbachev was elected to a new and powerful presidency in 1990 as people argued for or against reform.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The economic and political conditions provoked agitation among minority nationalities; some demanded independence.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Dismantling the Soviet Empire** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: The states of Eastern Europe took advantage of the new times to seek independence and internal reform.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Soviet troops were withdrawn, Bulgaria arranged free elections in 1989; Hungary and Poland in 1988 installed non-communist governments and moved toward a free economy.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Czechoslovakia did the same in 1989, East Germany in 1989 removed its Communist leaders;
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Berlin Wall came down and full German unification occurred in 1991.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The only violence occurred in Romania when an authoritarian ruler was overthrown.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Communists retained power, through elections, in Bulgaria and Romania; in Albania a more flexible Communist regime took control.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The new situation in Eastern Europe was marred by ethnic clashes.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Yugoslavia fell apart and brutal fighting broke out among its former components.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The new governments faced serious economic and environmental problems.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Renewed Turmoil in 1991 and 1992** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: In 1991 Gorbachev survived an attempted coup because of popular support.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Central authority weakened the minority republics sought independence and the Baltic republics gained independence.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The end of 1991 had replaced the Soviet Union by a loose union of republics.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Gorbachev had resigned and was replaced by Boris Yeltsin. Economic and political tensions were rampant.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By the late 1990s Yeltsin had lost support and was succeeded by Vladimir Putin.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He pledged reforms and commitment to democracy.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Debate continued over the future of Russian society.

<span style="display: inline !important; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 19pt; margin-left: 0.25in;">Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 19pt; margin-left: 0.25in;">*Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">** In the period from 1914 to present day under the leadership of communist leadership, the government officially proclaimed social equality when in reality many people were suffering while increased tensions and conflict with western culture remained the same. **

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; margin-left: 0.25in;">*Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">** Communism was a direct effect of World War I and for that matter many weak nations like Russia turned to fascism and totalitarianism because of their weak governments that needed to be reshaped while remaining as a key power and proud nation. **

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Leadership analysis: Stalin** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**China** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Toward Revolution in China** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: The fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 began a long struggle over the political future in China.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Which would involve around Western-educated politicians, academics, warlords, peasants, and foreign powers, most notably Japan.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The fall of Qing china opened the way for the extended struggle over which leader would be able to continue the mandate to rule the ancient society and a large lives of population.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The ultimate ruler best fit is the communist party under Mao Zedong.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Yuan Shikai who hoped to seize the Manchu throne and found a new dynasty.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This involvement in politics leads to the openness of china to foreign involvement from west education and warlords like Sub Yat-seen.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Rebuilding the Chinese civilization was a result of the students.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">But military and political struggle like the Japanese influences were major factors for the bloody contest over Chinese mastery.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**China’s May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Sun Yat-sen’s Revolutionary Alliance had spearheaded the overthrow of the Qing, but Sun’s political power was weak from the start.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Increasing Japanese encroachment into China’s internal affairs led to the May Fourth Movement in 1919.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The movement sought Western-style reforms but proved ineffective against powerful warlords not interested in yielding power.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The example of the Russian Revolution and the ideology behind Marxist theory led Mao Zedong to form the Communist Party of China.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Bolshevik victory in rebuilding Russia prompted china to h=give serious attention to the works of Marx’s and other socialist thinkers.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The most influential thinker was Li Dazhao from peasant origin but excelled school and became a college teacher.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He headed a Marxist study circle that developed in 1919 in University of Beijing.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Appealed to the young Mao Zedong who joined Li’s study circle, sharing it with the Confusion ideology to be the political activist organizations.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In the summer of 1921 was a meeting for all the Marxist believers to meet in the city of Shanghai is where the communist china was born.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It replaced the institutional collapse of the confusion order.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**The Seizure of Power by China’s Guomindang** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Sun Yat-sen formed the Nationalist Party of China and forged key alliances with several groups in an attempt to rid the nation of the warlords.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Promising social and land reforms, the Guomindang, a nationalist party instead focused on international issues.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In an attempt to gain support from the peasants and urban workers, Sun even allied with the Communists, Chinese and Russian, and received aid from the latter.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Meanwhile, the government largely ignored crises like famine and disease among the rural poor.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Nationalist began to stress the need for a strong central government to bring the imperialist intruders under a social reform
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In 1924 the Whampoa Military Academy was founded with Soviet help and staffed Russian instructors.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The young military commander Chiang Kai-shek the son of a poor salt merchant had a connection with powerful figures in military training.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Famine and disease stalked the countryside while irrigation systems was a problem.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Sun gave lip service to the nationalist party’s need to deal with peasant problem.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Serious difficulties were there between peasantry and the landowners.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Mao and the Peasant Option** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Mao was a committed revolutionary who understood the importance of peasant support.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Sun died in 1925 and was replaced by Chiang Kai-shek who, with Western approval, quickly turned against the Communists, most brutally in Shanghai.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Mao led his supporters in the Long March and regrouped.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By this time, Japan was the more imminent threat to China as a whole, and the Nationalists under Chiang had to ally with the Communists to fight the invaders.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Mao was a very independent leader who found his life on his own.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">An attack of the communist rural stronghold in south central China supported by German advisors caused Mao to spearhead a Long March of 90000 followers in 1934 across thousand of miles to shape communist control.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Mao’s leadership of Chinese communism and Japanese invaders in 1930s.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The revolution was from over and of Japanese threat and advance

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Mao’s China and Beyond** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Chiang Kai-shek’s success during the 1930s was interrupted by Japanese invasion.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He allied with the Communists and for the next seven years war against the Japanese replaced civil war.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The war strengthened the Communists at the expense of the Guomindang since the Japanese when waging conventional warfare defeated it.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Communists fought guerrilla campaigns and extended control over much of north China.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Intellectuals and students changed their allegiance to the Communists.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By 1945 the balance of power was shifting to Mao, and in the renewed civil war after the defeat of Japan, the Communists were victorious in 1949.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Mao triumphed because Communist policies won the support of the peasantry and other groups.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Land reform, education, and improved health care gave them good reason to support Mao.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Communists won because they offered a solution to China's fundamental social and economic problems.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By 1945 Chiang and what was left of his armies fled to the island of Formosa renamed Taiwan and Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in Beijing.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Li Biao who had been trained at Chiang’s Whampoa Academy in 1920s proved a conventional warfare than the corrupt of Nationalist generals.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The communist’ long struggle for control had left the party with a strong political and military organization that was rooted in the party cadres and the People’s liberation Army.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Chinese flexed their military and technological muscle by defeating India in a brief far exploding nuclear device developed by nonindustrial nation.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**The Communists Come to Power** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: The long struggle had given them a strong military and political organization.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The army was subordinate to the party, and the Communists used their strength to reassert Chinese regional preeminence.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Secessionist movements in Inner Mongolia and Tibet were suppressed and, in the 1950s, China intervened in the Korean War and preserved the division of that country.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They periodically threatened to invade the Guomindang refuge in
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Taiwan, and supported the Vietnamese liberation movement. The close cooperation with the Soviet Union collapsed by the late 1950s because of border disputes and arguments with the post-Stalinist leadership.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">During the early 1960s, China defeated India in a brief border war and exploded a nuclear device.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Mao had long nurtured a deep hostility toward elitism, which was associated by the Confucian system.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Mao and his supporters pushed Mass line approach with formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The peasants had enjoyed their owning hold for less than three years, as he occurred in the Soviet Union the leaders of revolution.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In 1957 Mao struck at the intellectual through what may have been a miscalculation.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Having stopped the critics into the open shocked by the response prison sentence and banishment to hard labor in collectives.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Planning for Economic Growth and Social Justice** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Government activity for domestic reform was equally vigorous, but less successful.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Landlords were dispossessed and purged, and their lands redistributed.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">To begin industrialization, a first five-year plan commenced in 1953, drawing resources from the countryside for its support.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Some advances were achieved in heavy industry, but the resulting consequences of centralized state planning and a privileged class of urban technocrats were unacceptable to Mao.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He had a deep hostility to elitism and to Lenin’s idea of a revolution imposed from above; he clung to his faith in peasants as the force of the revolution.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Mass Line approach began in 1955 with the formation of agricultural cooperatives; in 1956 they became farming collectives that provided the bulk of Chinese production.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Peasant ownership ceased. In 1957 intellectuals were purged after being asked their opinion of government policies.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The external threats China posed by the U.S intervention in Korea and continuing led Mao to enforce changes.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The peasants had enjoyed their own holding for less than 3years and the leaders earlier in Soviet Union.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**The Great Leap Backward** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: The Great Leap Forward, an effort to revitalize the revolution by restoring its mass and rural base, was launched in 1958.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Small-scale industrialization aimed at creating self-reliant peasant communes, but instead resulted in economic disaster.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Peasants reacted against collectivization.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Communist China experienced its worst famine, the crisis exacerbated by a growing population and a state rejection of family planning.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The government did then introduce birth control programs and succeeded in slowing population increase.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">By 1960 the Great Leap ended and Mao lost his position as State Chairman. He continued as head of the Central Committee.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Pragmatists such as Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqui, and Deng Xiaoping pushed policies of restored state direction and local level market incentives.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Great leap Forward in 1958 by political opposition within the party and army.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In the face of the environmental overcrowding that his population and birth rates.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Mao lost his position as state central Committee of pragmatists including Mao’s old ally Zhou Enlai along with Liu Shaoqui and Deng Xiaoping came to power determined to restore state direction.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**“Women Hold Up Half of the Heavens.”** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">MI: Mao, assisted by his wife Jiang Qing, was committed to the liberation of Chinese women. Guomindang efforts to reverse gains made by women during the early revolution caused many women to support the Communists.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They worked in many occupations in Communist ranks.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When the revolution triumphed, women received legal equality.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Women gained some freedom in selecting marriage partners and were expected to work outside of the home.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Educational and professional opportunities improved.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Traditional male attitudes persisted and women had to labor both in and out of their homes. Males continued to dominate upper-party levels.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Transitional attitudes toward childrearing and home care, where women were required not only to hold down to raise a family.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many held cadre posts at the middle and lower levels of the party and bureaucracies.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The nationalist campaigns to restore Chinese women to their traditional domestic roles and dependence on men and employment of women advance.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Women’s rights efforts was to put an end to foot binging.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">And a much legal rights and open educational career opportunities for women.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Mao’s Last Campaign and the fall of the Gang of Four** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> MI: By 1965 Mao believed that he had won sufficient support to overthrow his pragmatist rivals.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He launched the Cultural Revolution during which opponents were attacked, killed, or forced into rural labor.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Zhou Enlai was driven into seclusion, Liu Shaoqui killed, and Deng Xiaoping imprisoned.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The destruction of centralized state and technocratic elites endangered revolutionary stability.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Mao terminated the campaign in 1968 as the military brought the Red Guard back into line./
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The struggle between Mao and his rivals recommenced, with Deng slowly pushing back the Gang of Four led by Jiang Qing.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The deaths of Zhou Enlai and Mao in 1976 cleared the way for an open succession struggle.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The pragmatists won out; the Gang of Four was imprisoned for life. Since then the pragmatists have opened China to Western influences and capitalist development, but not to political reform.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Communists, since taking power in 1949, have managed a truly revolutionary redistribution of China’s wealth.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The mass people have much better standards of living than under previous regimes, and their condition is superior to that of the people in many others developing regions.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The agricultural and industrial growth rates have surpassed India’s.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Democratic Protest and Repression in China** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> MI: On June 4, 1989 Chinese troops and protestors had launched a fight for a democratic system instead of the communist one party control.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This resulted in militaristic action of imprisonment people and putting them into exile.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The document is by Li Peng that talks about communist and tradition concerning politics.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">It is calling for everyone’s’ support to mobilize in helping restore order in society and maintain stability and Unity.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many distributions had occurred in Traffic, government facilities and a great damage to China’s international image.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He is speaking of ways to stop the students’ hunger strikes, that had been going on.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Many violent actions had anticipated the road track and efficiency.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They came to be more tolerant because they regard them as their children and future of China.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">They believe that their measures to stop turmoil will be accepted by the communist league, peasants, intellectuals, and democratic parties.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Police efforts as well as PLA for helping out the masses.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Questions**
 * 1) ======<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Li Peng’s disapproval of the protest movement is because of the major turmoil it is causing and the disruptions that it is monitoring in trains and in traffic especial if we considering that the government is trying to produce a better environment. ======
 * 2) ======<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">He tries to claim the disadvantaged that most of these protest are making in the Chinese nation, also he is trying to manipulate them into thinking that the government is doing its best to recover. ======
 * 3) ======<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The arguments resemble other manipulation ways that government make to stop any problematic issues that go against them, punishment and creating a negative impression. ======
 * 4) ======<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Things that the government is already working on it, and things would get better by itself, and usually according to Chinese tradition to not copy other people’s ideas and ways of life, especially capitalism and democratic virtues. ======
 * 5) ======<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Chinese decided to repress from democracy because of communist influence on them as well as maintains a government that has the most power over the masses that everything they wish for is already striven to accomplish. ======

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">** Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points) ** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 25px;">*Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**In the period from 1914 to present day, communism began to take effect in both China and provided a bright outlook for countries who needed to fix their governments, However many of the Confucian ideologies have remained.**

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">*Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**In the period from 1914 to present day China underwent long civil struggle to unify its nation and create a social reforms that would plan for economic growth and create justice to all class including women that would reshape their order under communist leaders.**

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> **Leadership analysis: Mao Zedong**** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">