The+Islamic+rituals

1.1 Five pillars of Islam

1.Shahada-Repetition of the words "Ashud anna la illaha illa allh, wa ashad ann Muhammed rasul allah." This is an important part to indivisual's personality, family, and community. It shows you the life long belief that only one god exists, no authority can stand between you and god. Also your roles as a muslim ia to believe that Muhammed is the last prophet, messenger by allah who was sent to spread god's teachings to humankind.

2. Salat-Five daily prayers that is a duty for each muslim. Preforming recitations and physical movement to preserve sympathy and recognition for Allah. Prayer time is determined through calenders calculated by clock time. You need to purufy youself before attending a prayer. People in group line uo behind an imam as a way for organization.

3. Sawm- During the month of Ramadan, Muslims fast preforming their regular prayer and duties at sunset, the family gets together for an Iftar. Many people go to masjid for prayers that feature an insightful reading section. It helps feeling of unity and learning of patience, power-will, and time of reevaluation of spirituality. Also builds generosity for the people in need.

4. Zakat- Prophet Muhammed set the precedent that was collected and distributed locally. It helps the less fortunate. Showing how ialamic traditions encourage helping the poor. 2.5% is the minimum amount that should be given from a wealthy family's savings to purify them from greed.

5. Hajj- The basic act of worship in Islam is a pilgrimage to the city of Mekkah during certain time of year. Muslims make a pilgrimage to the sacred city at least onece in their life time. Once they get there they have to remove ordinary clothes and put on the simple dress of pilgrim entering the state as ihram. People are expected to make the visit if affordale, but you are expected to try your best. It is a symbol of the past because it is the place where Abraham and his family faced the challlenge for faith. They have to preform some actions while being there such as walki ng seven times between hills of Safa and Marwah.

1.2 Summary of the video: The setting is in Cairo, an islamic believed society, where worldwide power, spiritual, revolution that would lauch an empire. The Islamic philosophers produced numbers of adopted language, and scientific research. The messenger and profound person to begin the religion was called Muhammed who was born 570 A.D in the Arabian Peninsula. In a society of constant war and conflicts. Muhammed's parents died when he was six, he lived with his uncle who taught him everything he needs to survive, and where he became a merchant. The society was blank because the safest place to be was within a tribe. The other important thing about the success of Islam is the ka'aba' that's located in Mecca, It is thought to be built by Abraham and represents a place of peace and enjoyment. It gave them an economic advantage for trade, and rich mixture of cultures. Muhammed at the age of 25, hic talents caught attention to many traders, and merchant for his open-mind, and ability to communicate with people. In a mountain where he was sitting by himself one day he came into vision of an angel called Jibril, who came to give him a message to recite the words of Allah. And that was the beginning of his journey to bare proclamation that one god meant one people. The strong social juctice and sence of community was appealing. Mecca was vibrant center for trade it combined Indian spices, Chinese silk and egyptian goods. Connnecting the Mediterreanean sea and Indian oceans. Muhammed together with The Qur'an stressed on tribal divisions and a life of equality. The imagery of the afterlife conjures paradise from punishment. His message brought peace, relevation and unity. He managed to gain many followers and city of Mecca fell after so much struggles. A sense of mission united all the segments. Great mosques bordered across the empire for prayers. Basins were distributed running and water purification helping agriculture spread was amazing because the land is dry and this way stored water. Built magnificant monumental building such as libraries, houses, and hospitals. Even after prophet mohammed died his followers managed to form an empire bigger than Rome. They were true genious in sicintific research, and medecine.

1.3 Answer to the questions on Islam

1. Despite the crisis after the death of the prophet Muhammed in 632 A.D the muslim followers held together and continued his mission with courage and bravery began to take serious expeditions beyond the Arabian peninsula with great military power and religious spirit resulted in a stunning conquest of Mesopatamia, North Africa and Persia, they chose great leaders such as Abu bakr.

2. The motivations for Islamic conquest were first a sense of unity and powerful faith, the promise that will share the sources of farmlands and tribute, religious rewards a chance to glory their new religion and most importantly the vision of jihad to be a reward for dying for lauching the spread of Islam represented a ot of their strong will.

3. The A mayyads were able to defeat their adversaries because they were weak and because members of the christian church dominated the area of copts, and Nestorians resentement of the Byzatanian orthodox who taxed them heavily and openly presecuting them thaught that Muslims would tolerate them and tax them less they rallied on the Muslims. Weakened from the long wars Arab armies controlled Persia, Paletine, Syria, Egypt, Libya and continued their naval conquest in the eastern Mediterranean that the Byzantine kingdom under siege.

4. The Islam division was a result of personnal animosities resentment, the spark of new conflict was the murder of the third caliph Uthman because he was very unpopular because he was chosen even though he was Muhammed's early enemies the Umayyads clan being already angry by Ali's claims and failure to punish Uthman's assassins warfare erupted between two groups. They faught and Ali was victorious at the battle of Camel in late 656, and most arab garrisons shifted to the side against the Umayyads and just as Ali was to win Mattle of Siffin he accepted a plea of mediation he lost a lot of support the the Umayyads regrouped their forces and put Mu'awiya as their caliph. A split between the Sunnis who support the Umayyads and Shi'a supporters of Ali. Hostility between the two groups continued to appear and furthered resentment.

5. Muslim armies under the Umayyads broke out in central Asia resulting a rivalry with Buddhism, reaching northwest India, swept across North Africa and crossed the straits of Gibraltar to conquer spain and France. Conquested the islands Crete, Sicily, and Sardinia, so the Umayyads extended from Spain all the way to central Asia in the east. The shifted their political center to Syria in Damascus.

6. The people of the book were treated with a lot od distinctions, they didn't let them interact with the Muslim warriors, but this was not working the tribes were soon interacting intensively with the local population but they still had pay taxes and in some caes jizya or head tax livied to nonbelievers. As Islamic conquest spread to other people such as Zoroastrians of Persia and Hindus of India they were allowed to worship as they pleased. This approach made it a good deal easier for these people to accept arab rule by the Umayyads.

<span style="color: #353ab1; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">7. Gender roles within the family and society because Muhammed's teachings that the Qur'an stressed the moral and ethical dimensions of marriage. The kindness and concern the prophet played on his own wives and daughters did much to strength the bonds b/w husbands and wife and islamic community. Muhammed encourage marriage, denounced adultery on both husbands and wives. He strenghten the legal rights of women in inheritence and divorce. Many of the hadiths were recorded by women. Women took place in scholarship, law and commerce.

<span style="color: #353ab1; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">8. The factors that lead to the decline of the Umayyads were first the growing addiction for luxury and soft living, the warriors were married to local women and angered for constantely not getting a share of the booty, they saw the caliphs and damascus elite to be corrupt, and when they were getting misplaced resulted in an uprising forming alliances with people resisting the Umayyads such as mawali and Shi'a. Amassive battle of River Zab near the Tigris the abbasid victory helped capture of the Umayyads's capital. Abu al-abbas eliminated all the members of the Umayyad family, but the former grandson of the caliph fled to spain and lived in Cordoba.