The+Rise+of+Russia



1. Describe the effects of Mongol occupation on Russian civilization The occupation did of the Mongols on the Russians reduce the vigor of cultural and economic life. Literacy declined and the economy became purely agricultural and dependent on peasant labor. The Moscow princes gained political experience as tax collectors for the Mongols. Mongol control never reshaped basic Russian value, for the rulers were interested in tribute not full government. The Russians adopted mongol style and dress and social habits, but most remained Christians. But economic life was down with trade and manufacturing down the Russians were independent on labor and agriculture so independence brought challenge for revival and reform.

2. Trace Russian expansion under the Ivans Ivan III succeeded the throne by marrying the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. He gave his government a military focus and used a blend of nationalism and the Orthodox Christian religion to succeed by 1480, in creating a large independent state. Ivan III restored the tradition of centralized rule, added a sense of imperial mission, and claimed supervision of all Orthodox Churches. Russia, asserted Ivan, had succeeded Byzantium as the Third Rome. Ivan IV continued the policy of expansion. He increased the power of the tsar by killing many of the nobility (boyars)—earning the name of Ivan the Terrible—on the charge of conspiracy. The tsars recruited peasants to migrate to the newly seized lands particularly in the south. The example was the cossacks were pioneers combining agriculture with military feats on horseback. Loyal nobles and bureaucrats received land grants in the territories. The conquests gave Russia increased agricultural regions and labor sources. Slavery existed into the eighteenth century. Important trading connections opened with Asian neighbors. The Russian advance, along with that of the Ottomans to the south, eliminated independent central Asia as a source of nomadic invasions. Russia became a multicultural state Mughals and Ottomans. The large Muslim population was not forced to assimilate to Russian culture. Ivan III dispatched diplomatic missions to leading Western states; under Ivan IV, British merchants established trading contacts. Italian artists brought in by the tsars built churches and the Kremlin, creating a distinct style of architecture. When Ivan IV died without an heir early in the seventeenth century, the Time of Troubles commenced. The boyars tried to control government, while Sweden and Poland seized territory. In 1613, the boyars chose a member of the Romanov family, Michael, as tsar.

Leadership analysis 1.

He created a a more well defined military hierarchy while developing a specialized bureacrats, improved army and weaponery and with aid from western advisors created the first navy. Eliminated the old noble council and created a set of advisers. 2.

Thesis: From the 1400 through the 1800 Europeans expansions was based on military strength, and private gains while the Russian expansion was based on national venture, and growth of agricultural estate, howerver they both were expanded through the reliance of labor systems and superiority.

Russia and the west expansion Diplomatic missions Trading contacts Sending people to other nations for supplying new ways of functioning. Military influences and buiding a powerful navy. Technological advancment ( navigational tools.) political authority that influenced new structures.

Dependance of labor systems. Navy buildup Overcoming invaders. Venture capital for russia Estate agriculture

Women leaders supported expansion such as Catherine and I sabella form spain. Religious elements-In the west in was more missionary Russian prostentant Conquastadors vs the corraks In the west private gains a plantation agriculture

· The nobility and have extending state control over peasants. · A 1649 act made serfdom hereditary; other seventeenth and eighteenth century laws tied serfs to the land and were made the legal rights of landlords. · Serfs were almost slaves; they were bought, sold, and punished by owners. · Peasant conditions were similar in Eastern Europe. Peasants labored on large estates to produce grain for sale to the West. They used it to extend their political control and distinct lifestyle. · Western merchants in return brought the serfs’ owners manufactured and luxury items. · They were taxed and policed by their own landlords. Peasants did have some rights; village governments regulated many aspects of life. · Most peasants remained poor and illiterate; they paid high taxes and performed extensive labor services in agriculture, mining, and manufacturing. · A law in 1785 allowed landlords to punish harshly for any rebellious serfs. · Small merchant groups existed, but Westerners handled most trade. · It was able to trade in furs and other commodities with areas in central Asia · Peter the Great’s reforms increased trade, yet the nobility managed to prevent the emergence of a strong commercial class. · Russia's social and economic system had strengths. · It produced adequate revenue for the expanding empire, supported the aristocracy, and allowed significant population growth. 36 million in the 18th century · Commerce was carried on with independent central Asian regions there were important limitations. · Agricultural methods remained traditional, and peasants lacked incentives to increase production for the benefit of landlords. Manufacturing suffered from similar constraints. · Peasant discontent was more significant. Peasants remained loyal to the tsar, but blamed landlords for the harshness of their lives. · Periodic rebellions occurred from the seventeenth century, peaking with the Pugachev rising of the 1770s. · A Cossack chieftain who claimed power promised an end of serfdom, taxation and military attack on landed aristocracy. · The tsar and nobility triumphed, but peasant discontent remained a problem. · In the Ottoman Balkans, trade with the West spread Enlightenment concepts. Poland and the Czech and Slovak areas were a part of the Western cultural orbit. · Slovak areas operated fully within the western culture. · Copernicus participated in the Western scientific revolution. Some Eastern regions were participants in the Protestant Reformation. · Many of the smaller states lost political autonomy. Hungary and Bohemia were incorporated into the Habsburg Empire. · Shared Roman Catholicism linked the largest state, Poland, to the West. · By 1600, Polish aristocrats weakened the central government and exploited peasants. · The aristocratic parliament vetoed any reform efforts until 18th century when Poland began to be petitioned by powerful neighbors. · Urban centers and a merchant class were lacking the kingdom was partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The rise of Poland highlighted Russian emergence on the European as well as the Eurasian stage.
 * Serfdom:**
 * MI:** Before the Mongol conquest, Russia’s peasantry had been relatively free. The government encouraged serfdom as a means of conciliating.
 * Trade and Economic Dependence:**
 * MI:** There were few large cities in Russia; 95% of the population was rural. Artisans also were few, since most manufacturing was rurally based.
 * Social Unrest:**
 * MI:** By the end of the eighteenth century, Russian reformers were criticizing their nation's backwardness and urging the abolition of serfdom.
 * Russia and Eastern Europe:**
 * MI:** Regions west of Russia formed a fluctuating borderland between western and eastern European interests.

The first Russian navy was created. The councils of nobles were eliminated and replaced by advisors under his control. Provincial governors were appointed from the center, while elected town councils were under royal authority. Law codes were systematized and the tax system reformed to increase burdens on   the peasantry. In economic affairs, metallurgical and mining industries were expanded. Landlords were rewarded for using serfs in manufacturing operations. The changes ended the need to import for military purposes. Catherine was also a Westernize and brought Enlightenment ideas to Russia, but centralization and strong royal authority were more important to her than Western reform was. She gave new power over serfs to the nobles in return for their service in the bureaucracy and military. Catherine continued patronage of Western art and architecture, but the French Revolution caused her to ban foreign and domestic political writings. Russian expansionist policies continued. Territories, including the Crimea on   the Black Sea, were gained in central Asia from the Ottomans. Catherine pushed colonization in Siberia, claimed Alaska.
 * Peter vs Catherine **

As a result Russia had completed an important transformation. Over three centuries the tsars created a   strong central state ruling over the world’s greatest land empire. New elements from the West had entered and altered Russia's economy and culture. nobles had to shave their beards and dress in Western style. Peter attempted to provide increased education in mathematics and technical subjects. He succeeded in   bringing the elite into the Western cultural zone. The condition of upper class women improved. The first effort in Westernization embodied features present in later ventures in other lands.