Middle+East




 * Graphic Organizer**




 * Reflection**

My chart was very close however I had fallen to some traps or what maybe common mistakes such as that the Middle East is commonly Muslim which is a misconception a lot of people make now. I was right that they include numerous ethnic groups that is is not all Arab speaking world, the idea that they share similar historical ground, and people who had conquered them or united them was correct. I was right about it being a strategic location for many of the nations in Europe because it lies on the center giving it the ability to trade with them and a barrier between Europe and Asia. The Economy is not very similar because some nations are wealthy while others are very poor, it could be that they share the agricultural feature where they farm. I was right about its location helpng with trade matters because it is surrounded by sea routes. There is one thing that I missed was the fact that a lot of the regions that are included are because of their similar cultural and significant intellectual commonalities that is the bring all of these countries together.


 * Notes:**




 * Response to the voice thread maps**

The first map being the Ottoman empire contributes to the unity of all the primary regions of the Middle East, it brought together the Bulgarian and SouthEast Asia in addition to Egypt and most of the North African countries that share a similar arabic and religious ground. The Ottoman empire bring about a lot of the most important places that serve the definition of Middle East.

The second map is interesting because it excluded Algeria and Tunisia which I think should be included, that does't seem right even through it is the most recent belief but I think it should be debatable. But what this map does well is that it included Turkey which is a bridge that served to connect Europe and Asia, also Afghanistan and Pakistan are included, I noticed probably because of the recent issue of September 11 2001, that came across U.S to extend their belief that the Middle East brings the conflicting nations because they share a common religious belief.

The third map is interesting because it excluded completely Africa from its list, why is that though, Africa is widely believed that it will have a bigger role in the world economy and structure, so why exclude the Arabic world of Egypt especially since it was an important region for such a long time in the world history. A lot of the nations are divided in southeast Asia such as South Arabia, even though it is not very certain yet that they will be independent.


 * Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East**

MI: After WWI, resistance to European colonialism was increasing that started in Egypt was passed on to the rest of the Middle East.
 * A commander Mustafa Kermal or Ataturk had emerged for the Turkish officer corps during the war years.
 * Entente powers, France and Britain betraying promises to preserve Arab independence that the British had made in 1915 and early 1916.
 * Hussein, the sheriff of Mecca had used these promises to convince the Arabs to rise in support of Britain’s war with Turks.
 * The occupation of European powers faced stiff resistance from the Arabs in each of the Mandates that were carved out in Syria, Iraq, and nationalist movement in these countries that gained ground.
 * In 1923, an independent Turkish republic had been established but the cost of the cost of expulsion of tens of thousands of ethnic Greeks.
 * A Turkish republic was formed on the basis of a Western model. Meanwhile, England and France divided the defeated Ottoman Empire’s Arab holdings into mandates.
 * They quickly faced Arab nationalist resistance to European occupation and the establishment of a League of Nations–approved Jewish homeland in Palestine.
 * The agreement as created through Britain’s support of yet another form of nationalism, Zionism. These conflicting movements led to great tension in the Middle East.
 * The Jewish Zionists in Palestine and Arabs during war were in confusion.
 * The Jewish homeland in Palestine had a pledge the Balfour Declaration approved by the British war cabinet, fed existing Zionist aspiration for the Jewish people to return to their homeland.
 * Leon Pinsker who is a convinced Jewish intellectual that assimilation to European nations was impossible.
 * After Theodor Herzl an established Austrian journalist was stunned by the French mobs shootings “Death to the Jews” as the hapless army officer Alfred Dreyfus, who was a French Jew who was falsely accused of passing military secrets to Germany.
 * A group of Jews got together and Eastern Europe to form the World Zionist Organization. And the main point was promotion of Jew into Palestine.
 * The non-Palestinian spokespersons need acted in the interest of Syrian and Lebanese Arabs than those of the Christian and Muslim communities in Palestine.

**Rise of Nationalism in Egypt**

MI: Egypt is one country in the Afro-Asian world in which the emergence of nationalism preceded European conquest and domination, risings touched off by Ahmed Orabi’s and other Egyptian officers.
 * Since the British occupation meant double colonization from the Turkish Khedives and British advisors.
 * The strong-willed and imperious Lord Cromer dominated the British conquest.
 * As high commissioners of Egypt, pushed for much needed economic reforms, that would not eliminate the debt of the puppet khedival regime.
 * The only beneficiaries included foreign merchants, Turku-Egyptian political elite, and Egyptian Bourgeoisie in Cairo on the expense of the masses.
 * The Aryan had greedily amassed over large estates, hired by managers had brought resentment to the lower class.
 * With the Turks in charge resistance for occupation came, a new and small social had been growing since the memory of the Orabi’s revolts.
 * The cause of the Egyptian independence was because of sons of the effendi or the prosperous business and professional families that made up much of the Middle class, in Egypt journalists had the role in leading the nationalist movement.
 * Egyptian writers attacked British for their racist arrogance and their dominance over well-paying positions.
 * In the 1890s a nationalist party had formed, but a variety of parties were in rivalry, the masses were not in a good position for their minor education.
 * The British had put down several riots attempts by students, despite their failure to unite the parties; the extent of resentments was demonstrated by the Kinshasa incident in 1906.
 * Many Egyptian villages raised large numbers of pigeons to supply a peasant diet.
 * A party of British accidently shot the wife of the prayer leader of the mosque, a crash resulted an officer was dead which angered the British.
 * Several protests arose for an end of the Egyptian leaders, and the Aryan anger gave a possibility of an anti British regime.
 * By 1913 the British were surprised as the wild nationalist movement, even after a while after WWI the Egyptian hadn’t stopped their move toward independence.

**Revolt in Egypt, 1919**

MI: Because Egypt was already occupied by the British when the war broke out, and it gad been formally declared a protectorate in 1919, and anti-colonial struggle in Egypt was rooted in earlier agitation and heavy toll particularly the peasantry.
 * Egypt was on a revolt because of mass discontent that would resolve the educated nationalists elite to demand a hearing at Versailles where the victorious allies were reaching a postwar settlement.
 * The emergence of the newly formed Wafd Party under its hard driving leader, under its hard driving Sa’d Zaghlul.
 * Under social bankruptcy of the 40 years of nationalist political dominance that proceeded the military coup and social revolutions lead by Gamal Abdul Nasser in 1952.
 * By the end of the World War I, Egypt was ripe for revolt.
 * Students and, significantly, women, led large demonstrations against colonial rule. British withdrawal began in 1922. Once in power, Egyptian leaders did little in the way of reform.
 * Nasser led a military coup in 1952, promising sweeping social and political change.
 * 98% of the people were illiterate was a legacy process of decolonization was terrible.


 * Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question**

MI: Along with Egypt several Midle Eastern States including Iraq and Syria had gained independence between the world wars. Though several Middle Eastern states gained independence after World War I, it was not until after World War II that it became complete. The fate of the Palestinians, however, was a different matter. WWII British and French protection from Middle east. State of Isreal made clear to Middle East that the west was against them, radical of Muslim revolts. Global Connections: Persisting Trends in a World Transformed by War
 * In Palestine, conflicting strains of nationalism collided. The British managed to suppress a major Muslim revolt in Palestine in the late 1930s.
 * At the same time, they limited Jewish immigration into the region.
 * After World War II and the Holocaust, world sentiment was mostly with Jews desiring a homeland and the major parties claiming Palestine.
 * They found themselves at a stalemate, which erupted into warfare. The Zionists were better armed and led and expanded their U.N.-sanctioned territory to include much of that reserved for the Palestinians.
 * The legacy of colonialism proved even more of a liability here than in much of Asia and Africa.
 * The Zionist assault was spearheaded by a military force which, is Haganah and several terrorist organizations.
 * MI: World War II completed the ant colonial nationalism that emerged after World War I.
 * The separation between colonies and colonizer was not so great as might be expected. In most places, the transfer of power was from elite to elite, and social gains in many places was at best, minimal.
 * The western educated African and Asians moved into offices and homes of the European colonizers.
 * Educational reforms were carried out to include more sciences in school curricula and the history of Asia and Africa rather than Europe.
 * Educational reforms were the most common. The liberation of the colonies did little to disrupt Western dominance of trade.
 * The post-independence history of colonized peoples is rife with the lingering effects of imperialism.

**Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions**

MI: There have been many military coups in Asian and African nations. The military often is one of the few societal groups resistant to ethnic and religious divisions, and it has the near monopoly of force.
 * Soldiers may have the technical training lacking among civilian leaders. When military men were anticommunist, they gained Western assistance.
 * Once in power, many military men established repressive and corrupt regimes where limited resources were used to protect their authority.
 * Some leaders attacked neighbors to divert attention from their failures. A few military men were different and attempted radical reform.
 * Gamal Abdul Nasser took power in Egypt in 1952 as part of the Free Officers movement, formed during the 1930s by young nationalistic officers.
 * They were allied for a long period with another opponent of the regime, the Muslim Brotherhood, founded in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna, a teacher and scholar interested in scientific subjects and independence for Egypt.
 * He was contemptuous of the wealthy Egyptian and European minority who flourished in the midst of general poverty.
 * The Muslim Brotherhood was founded to remedy such problems. Although believers in fundamentalist Islam, its members worked for sweeping reforms.
 * By the late 1930s, the Brotherhood intervened in politics through strikes, riots, and assassinations.
 * Although the khedive’s men murdered al-Banna in 1949, the Brotherhood continued to be important. Egypt’s defeat in the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 and the continuing British occupation of the Suez Canal led to a successful coup in 1952 by the Free Officers.
 * By 1954, all political parties, including the Muslim Brotherhood, had been disbanded and Nasser’s regime imposed broad social and economic reform.
 * Land was redistributed to peasants, education became free through college, and government became the main employer.
 * State subsidies lowered prices of food staples and five-year plans modeled on the Soviet Union were introduced.
 * Foreign properties were seized or restricted. Nasser also began an active foreign policy designed to defeat Israel, forge Arab unity, and agitate socialist revolution.
 * In 1956, he forced the British from the Suez Canal zone. Despite his good intentions, many of Nasser's reforms failed.
 * Population growth offset economic advances, and Egypt’s communist supporters did not replace Western capital.
 * Failed foreign adventures, including the disastrous Six-Day War with Israel in 1967, added to the regime’s problems. Nasser’s successor, Anwar Sadat, had to end many programs and turn to private initiatives.
 * He came to terms with Israel, expelled the Russians, and opened Egypt to Western assistance.
 * Sadat’s policies have been continued by his successor, Hosni Mubarak.
 * None of the paths followed since 1952 have solved Egypt’s problems the muslim fundamentalist movements proliferated; one group assassinated Sadat.


 * The Indian Alternative: Development for Some of the People**

MI: Indians have preserved civilian rule since independence but despite the burden of overpopulation, India differed by possessing at independence a large industrial and scientific sector, a developed communications system, and an important middle class.
 * The early leaders of the Indian National Congress were committed to social reform, economic development, and preservation of democracy and civil rights.
 * Despite a host of problems, India has remained the world’s largest working democracy.
 * The first leader, Jawaharlal Nehru, mixed government and private economic initiatives.
 * Foreign investment from both the democratic and socialist blocs was accepted.
 * Private investment by farmers was at the heart of the Green Revolution.
 * Industrial and agrarian growth generated revenues for promoting education, family planning, and other social measures.
 * Despite its successes, India faces problems similar to other developing nations because it lacks the resources to raise the living standards of most of its population.
 * The middle class has grown rapidly, but a majority of Indians has gained little.
 * This result is partly due to population growth, but other reasons include the continued domination of wealthy landlords.

MI: The Iranian Revolution directed by Ayatollah Khomeini presented a fundamental challenge to the existing world order.
 * Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West**


 * It recalls the religious fervor of the Mahdi’s nineteenth-century movement in the Sudan by emphasizing religious purification and the rejoining of religion and politics central to early Islam.
 * Both movements called for a return to a golden age and were directed against Western-backed governments.
 * The Mahdi and Khomeini claimed divine inspiration and sought to establish a state based on Islamic precepts.
 * Each wanted to spread their movement to wider regions and Khomeini succeeded because of circumstances unique to Iran, a nation not formally colonized, but divided into British and Russian spheres of interest.
 * Iran thus lacked colonial bureaucratic and communications infrastructures as well as a large Western-educated middle class.
 * Modernization policies, supported by Iran’s oil wealth, were imposed by the regime of the Pahlavi shahs.
 * Advances resulted, but the majority of Iranians were alienated the shah’s authoritarian rule offended the middle class; his ignoring of Islamic conventions roused religious leaders who were influential with the mass of the people.
 * Favoritism to foreign investors and a few Iranian entrepreneurs angered bazaar merchants.
 * Landholders were affronted by incomplete land reform schemes that did not much benefit the rural poor.
 * Urban workers at first secured benefits, but then suffered from an economic slump.
 * The military was neglected, and when revolution came in 1978, the shah was without support and left Iran the Khomeini then carried through radical reform.
 * Religious figures took over leadership and suppressed all opposition. Strict implementation of Islamic law began and women’s opportunities were restricted.
 * Most of the planned reforms halted when Iraq forced a war that lasted for ten years and absorbed most national resources.
 * Iran finally accepted a humiliating peace in 1988. The war, plus the consequences of internal repression and failed development efforts, left Iran in fell apart.

In depth

The emergence of eductaed women in colonial societies was a factor becasue through the education provided they woulld form leaders who are up for the nationalist movement, keeps the lower class from oulapping the lower class. They in fact had brought women to a more valuable places for them, Limited access to education in many areas because of cultural belief and poverty resulted in a Men's dominance, lack of many support froom their husbands,enability of education


 * Leadership analysis**






 * Summary**

After WWI, resistance to European colonialism was increasing beginning of Egypt was passed on to the rest of the Middle East. A commander Mustafa Kermal or Ataturk had emerged for the Turkish officer corps during the war years. Entente powers, France and Britain betraying promises to preserve Arab independence that the British had made in 1915 and early 1916. With the rise of Hussein, the sheriff of Mecca had used these promises to convince the Arabs to rise in support of Britain’s war with Turks. The occupation of European powers faced stiff resistance from the Arabs in each of the Mandates that were carved out in Syria, Iraq, and nationalist movement in these countries that gained ground especially that they see that the Europeans had were not committed to their promises. In 1923, an independent Turkish republic had been established but the cost of the cost of expulsion of tens of thousands of ethnic Greeks. A Turkish republic was formed on the basis of a Western model. Meanwhile, England and France divided the defeated Ottoman Empire’s Arab holdings into mandates. Then along with Egypt several Midle Eastern States including Iraq and Syria had gained independence between the world wars. Though several Middle Eastern states gained independence after World War I, it was not until after World War II that it became complete. The fate of the Palestinians, however, was a different matter because during WWII British and French protection from Middle east. In Palestine, conflicting problems of nationalism rose, especially with the birth of Israel, that lead to many struggle with arab world, and European betrayal of them. The British managed to suppress a major Muslim revolt in Palestine in the late 1930s but at the same time, they limited Jewish immigration into the region. After World War II and the Holocaust, world sentiment was mostly with Jews desiring a homeland and the major parties claiming Palestine. They found themselves at a stalemate, which erupted into warfare. The Zionists were better armed and led and expanded their U.N.-sanctioned territory to include much of that reserved for the Palestinians. The legacy of colonialism proved even more of a problematic with the Zionist assault was spearheaded by a military force which, is Haganah and several terrorist organizations. Then afterward came an Iranian Revolution directed by Ayatollah Khomeini presented a fundamental challenge to the existing world order. It recalls the religious fervor of the Mahdi’s nineteenth-century movement in the Sudan by emphasizing religious purification and the rejoining of religion and politics central to early Islam. Both movements called for a return to a golden age and were directed against Western-backed governments. The Mahdi and Khomeini claimed divine inspiration and sought to establish a state based on Islamic precepts. Each wanted to spread their movement to wider regions and Khomeini succeeded because of circumstances unique to Iran, a nation not formally colonized, but divided into British and Russian spheres of interest. Major Muslim countries had become more in realization that they were important especially that did see the European nations fighting for their possession, had been an awareness for a common dream. That resulted in a Muslim union-ship against all the people who try to oppress their cultural beliefs or surpass them.